Herman Dooyeweerd (1894-1977) |
A NEW CRITIQUE OF THEORETICAL THOUGHT
VOLUME 1:
THE NECESSARY PRESUPPOSITIONS OF PHILOSOPHY
THE NECESSARY PRESUPPOSITIONS OF PHILOSOPHY
PART 1:
PROLEGOMENA
PROLEGOMENA
INTRODUCTION:
THE FIRST WAY OF A TRANSCENDENTAL CRITIQUE
OF PHILOSOPHIC THOUGHT
THE FIRST WAY OF A TRANSCENDENTAL CRITIQUE
OF PHILOSOPHIC THOUGHT
If I consider reality as it is given in the naive pre-theoretical experience, and then confront it with a theoretical analysis, through which reality appears to split up into various modal aspects [also](1) then the first thing that strikes me, is the original indissoluble interrelation among these aspects which are for the first time explicitly distinguished in the theoretical attitude of mind.
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(1) Here are meant the fundamental universal modalities of temporal being which do not refer to the concrete "what" of things or events, but are only the different modes of the universal "how" which determine the aspects of our theoretical view of reality. For instance, the historical aspect of temporal reality is not at all identical with what actually happened in the past. Rather it is the particular mode of being which determines the historical view of the actual events in human society. These events have of course many more modal aspects than the historical. There does not exist a purely historical reality. The same holds good for all other modal aspects.
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An indissoluble inner coherence binds the numerical to the spatial aspect, the latter to the aspect of mathematical movement, the aspect of movement to that of physical energy, which itself is the necessary basis of the aspect of organic life. The aspect of organic life has an inner connection with that of psychical feeling, the latter refers in its logical anticipation (the feeling of logical correctness or incorrectness) to the analytical-logical aspect. This in turn is connected with the historical, the linguistic, the aspect of social intercourse, the economic, the aesthetic, the jural, the moral aspects and that of faith. In this inter-modal cosmic coherence no single aspect stands by itself; every one refers within and beyond itself to all the others.
The coherence of all the modal aspects of our cosmos finds its expression in each of them, and also points beyond its own limits toward a central totality, which in its turn is expressed in this coherence (2).
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(2) We shall subsequently see why this deeper totality necessarily transcends the mutual coherence of all modal aspects of temporal reality, just as our selfhood transcends the coherence of its functions in these aspects.
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Our ego expresses itself as a totality in the coherence of all its functions within all the modal aspects of cosmic reality. And man, whose ego expresses itself in the coherence of all its temporal modal functions, was himself created by God as the expression of His image (3).
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3) This was wiped out when man intended to be something in himself. Cf. the splendid pronouncement in CALVIN'S Epitre a tons amateurs de Jesus Christ 1535, (ed. J. Pannier, Paris; 1929) p. 36: ‘Car il lavoit formé à son image & semblance, telleme(n)t que la lumière de sa gloire reluysoit clairement en luy... Mais le malheureux voulant estre q(uel)que chose en soymesme... son image & semblance en estoit effacée...’
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DE WIJSBEGEERTE DER WETSIDEE
BOEK I: De wetsidee als grondlegging der wijsbegeerte
DEEL I: Prolegomena
INLEIDING:
De noodzakelijke vóór-onderstellingen van het wijsgeerig denken
Het religieus apriori en het archimedisch punt der wijsbegeerte
Wanneer ik mij rekenschap geef van de werkelijkheid, gelijk zij zich in de naieve, vóór-theoretische instelling geeft, en haar confronteer met de theoretische wetenschappelijke uiteen-stelling, waardoor zij in verschillende zijden uit elkander schijnt te wijken, dan is het eerste wat mij treft, de oorspronkelijk onverbrekelijke verbondenheid van al hare verschillende zijden, welke eerst in de wetenschappelijke instelling gearticuleerd onderscheiden worden. Een doorgaande onderlinge afhankelijkheid verbindt de getalszijde met de ruimtelijke zijde, de ruimtelijke met de bewegingszijde, de bewegingszijde met de organische levenszijde, de organische levenszijde met de psychische gevoelszijde, deze met de analytisch-logische zijde, deze met de historische zijde, de taalzijde, de omgangszijde, de economische zijde, de aesthetische zijde, de rechtszijde, de moreele zijde, de geloofszijde. Niets bestaat in den wereldsamenhang op zichzelve, alles wijst in en buiten zichzelve heen naar al het andere in den onderlingen samenhang.
In iedere zijde van onzen kosmos drukt zich uit de samenhang aller zijden en ook deze samenhang wijst boven zichzelve uit naar een diepere totaliteit, die zich in dien samenhang uitdrukt. (1)
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(1) Waarom deze diepere totaliteit ook den onderlingen samenhang van alle zijden der kosmischewerkelijkheid noodzakelijk te boven gaat, evenals onze zelfheid den samenhang harer kosmische functies, zullen wij hieronder zien.
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Onze zelfheid, onze ik-heid drukt zich als totaliteit uit in den samenhang van al hare functies in alle zijden der kosmische werkelijkheid. En de mensch, wiens ikheid zich in den samenhang van al hare kosmische functies uitdrukt, was zelve door God geschapen als de uitdrukking van Zijn beeld. (2)
2) Dat werd uitgewischt, toen de mensch meende iets in zich zelve te zijn. Vgl. de prachtige uitspraak in CALVIJN's Épitre à tous amateurs de Jésus Christ 1535 (éd. J. Pannier, Paris; 1929) p. 36: ‘Car il lavoit formé à son image & semblance, telleme(n)t que la lumière de sagloire reluysoit clairement en luy... Mais le malheureux voulant estre q(uel)que chose en soymesme... son image & semblance en estoit effacée...’
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SGRÙDADH ÙR AIR AN SMUAIN THEÒIRICEIL
LEABHAR 1:
Roi-bharailean feumach na feallsanachd
PÀIRT 1: Prolegomena
RO-RÀDH:
A' Chiad Slighe de Sgrùdadh Tar-cheumnail air Smuain Feallsanachail
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SGRÙDADH ÙR AIR AN SMUAIN THEÒIRICEIL
LEABHAR 1:
Roi-bharailean feumach na feallsanachd
PÀIRT 1: Prolegomena
RO-RÀDH:
A' Chiad Slighe de Sgrùdadh Tar-cheumnail air Smuain Feallsanachail
Ma nì mi beachd-smaoineachadh air an fhìorachd dìreach mar a ghnàth-fhiosraicheas mi i ann an dòigh làitheil "neo-theòiriceil", agus ma nì mi an uairsin sgrùdadh teòiriceil oirre, a' toirt am follais raointean-cèille (1) eugsamhla, is e a' chiad rud a bhuaileas orm eadar-cheangal bunaiteach nan raon seo a tha gan sònrachadh gu follaiseach airson a' chiad turais le gnìomh teòiriceil na h-inntinn.
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(1) Is ciall dha seo bun-fhillidhean (no "raointean-lagha") uile-choitcheann na bith tìmeil. Chan eil iad a-mach air "ciod", ach air "ciamar". Is e sin, chan eil iad a' buntainn mar sin ri rudan is tachartasan "nitheil" air leth. Is e th'annta ach na modhan ("ciamar") uile-choitcheann a tha air cùl ar seallaidh theòiriceil air an t-saoghal. Mar eisimpleir, chan eil am modh-gabhail [no "raon-lagha"] eachdraidheil co-ionnan idir ri na thachair san àm a dh'fhalbh. Is e rud "nitheil" a th'ann an tachartas sam bith, agus mar sin tha gach uile raon-lagha a' buntainn ris. Is e a th'anns an raon-lagha eachdraidheil ach am modh-bith fa leth a tha air cùl sealladh eachdraidheil air rud. [Dh'fhaodadh sinn a bhith coimhead air rudeigin a thachair san àm a dh'fhalbh bho thaobh raon-lagha eile seach am fear "eachdraidheil" - mar eisimpleir, bho thaobh an raon-lagha mhatamatach no eaconamach no aesteatach no moraltach no sòisealta no ceartais 7c (FMF)] Chan eil a leithid de rud ann ri fìor-bhith (reality) a tha "eachdraidheil" a-muigh 's a-mach. Tha seo fìor cuideachd a-thaobh gach raon-lagha eile [is e sin chan eil càil ann a tha uile gu lèir "eaconamach" no "aesteatach" 7c (FMF)]
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(1) Is ciall dha seo bun-fhillidhean (no "raointean-lagha") uile-choitcheann na bith tìmeil. Chan eil iad a-mach air "ciod", ach air "ciamar". Is e sin, chan eil iad a' buntainn mar sin ri rudan is tachartasan "nitheil" air leth. Is e th'annta ach na modhan ("ciamar") uile-choitcheann a tha air cùl ar seallaidh theòiriceil air an t-saoghal. Mar eisimpleir, chan eil am modh-gabhail [no "raon-lagha"] eachdraidheil co-ionnan idir ri na thachair san àm a dh'fhalbh. Is e rud "nitheil" a th'ann an tachartas sam bith, agus mar sin tha gach uile raon-lagha a' buntainn ris. Is e a th'anns an raon-lagha eachdraidheil ach am modh-bith fa leth a tha air cùl sealladh eachdraidheil air rud. [Dh'fhaodadh sinn a bhith coimhead air rudeigin a thachair san àm a dh'fhalbh bho thaobh raon-lagha eile seach am fear "eachdraidheil" - mar eisimpleir, bho thaobh an raon-lagha mhatamatach no eaconamach no aesteatach no moraltach no sòisealta no ceartais 7c (FMF)] Chan eil a leithid de rud ann ri fìor-bhith (reality) a tha "eachdraidheil" a-muigh 's a-mach. Tha seo fìor cuideachd a-thaobh gach raon-lagha eile [is e sin chan eil càil ann a tha uile gu lèir "eaconamach" no "aesteatach" 7c (FMF)]
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